• All living things are made up of cells.
  • A cell is the smallest unit of life that can function independently.
  • Below is a labelled diagram of a plant and animal cell side by side
Animal and Plant cells
  • A typical cell has several structures with specific functions, including:
    • Nucleus: The nucleus is like the cell’s control centre. It contains genetic material that controls the cell’s activity.
    • Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that fills the cell and contains organelles. It supports the internal structures and reactions of the cell.
    • Cell Membrane: The cell membrane holds the cell together and controls the passage of chemicals through the cell.
    • Ribosomes: Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. In simple terms, they are involved in the making of proteins
    • Mitochondria: Mitochondria produce the energy necessary for the cell’s survival and functioning through a series of chemical reactions. They break down glucose into an energy molecules.
    • Cell Wall: The cell wall is made of cellulose, and it provides a wall-like structure that supports the shape of the cell.
    • Chloroplasts: Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and other enzymes that absorb light and carry out photosynthesis.
    • Permanent Vacuole: The permanent vacuole contains cell sap, which is a solution of sugars and salts.
  • The features of a typical cell are essential for the cell’s survival and functioning.
  • The nucleus controls the cell’s activity, the cytoplasm supports internal structures and reactions, and the cell membrane holds the cell together and controls chemical passage.
  • Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, while mitochondria produce energy for the cell’s survival.
  • The cell wall supports the cell’s shape, and chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis.
  • The permanent vacuole contains cell sap, a solution of sugars and salts.
  • It is important to note that not all cells look the same, as you will see in other notes on this topic
person in laboratory

Combined Science

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