January 2023

Extrusive volcanic landforms

By |2022-09-15T12:44:28+02:00January 24th, 2023|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Pico Cão Grande in New Guinea. Image credit imgur.com

Pico Cão Grande in Gulf of Guinea. Image credit imgur.com ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Extrusive volcanic landforms.
  • Magma sometimes reaches earth’s surface through a vent/hole or a fissure/crack in surface rocks.
  • When lava reaches and emerges onto the earth’s surface […]

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Calderas

By |2022-09-15T12:44:27+02:00January 24th, 2023|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

El Boqueron caldera in El Salvador. Image credit Wikispaces.com

El Boqueron caldera in El Salvador. Image credit Wikispaces.com ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Calderas
  • Calderas are very large craters often two or more kilometers in diameter that form at the top of volcanoes.
  • They are often deep extending downwards for a few hundred […]

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The earth’s crust

By |2022-09-15T12:44:37+02:00January 24th, 2023|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

The structure of the Earth. Image by BBC.

The structure of the Earth. Image by BBC. ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: The Earth’s Crust
  • The earth is generally spherical in shape.
  • It’s surface however is made up of immeasurable valleys, mountains, rivers, hills etc of different shapes and sizes which in turn […]

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Lava Plateaus

By |2022-09-15T12:44:27+02:00January 24th, 2023|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Fissure eruptions at Mt Nyiragongo. Image credit Imgsoup.

Fissure eruptions at Mt Nyiragongo. Image credit Imgsoup. ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Lava Plateaus
  • Lava eruptions through narrow cracks (fissures) tends to be very quiet and subdued.
  • The lava spreads out over the surrounding countryside.
  • Successive lava outpourings causes successive layers of lava to […]

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The internal structure of the earth

By |2022-09-15T12:44:36+02:00January 24th, 2023|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

A cutaway showing the internal structure of the earth. Image by Teachastronomy.

A cutaway showing the internal structure of the earth. Image by Teachastronomy. ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: The Internal Structure of the Earth
  • The internal structure of the earth is the foundaiton upon which the external landforms on the earth’s […]

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Hot springs and geysers

By |2022-09-15T12:44:26+02:00January 24th, 2023|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Castle Geyser USA. Image credit Flyingfishphotography.com

Castle Geyser USA. Image credit Flyingfishphotography.com ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Hot Springs and Geysers
  • Besides the major intrusive and extrusive landforms resulting from volcanic activity, other minor features of volcanoes include: hot springs, mud-pots, pools of boiling water, fumaroles and […]

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The theory of continental drift

By |2022-09-15T12:44:36+02:00January 24th, 2023|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Evedence for the continental drift. Image by Wiki Commons.

Evidence for the continental drift. Image by Wiki Commons. ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: The theory of continental drift
  • The theory of or idea that present day continents were once one single continent.
  • Continental drifts refers to the movement of continents.
  • The theory says that […]

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Benefits and Problems of Volcanoes

By |2022-09-15T12:44:26+02:00January 24th, 2023|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Fertile volcanic soil Kenya. Image credit tishaferral.com

Fertile volcanic soil Kenya. Image credit tishaferral.com ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Benefits and Problems of Volcanoes

Benefits of volcanoes to humans

  • They eject lava and ash which in turn produce very fertile soils which boost agriculture activities.
  • Volcanoes and areas near them can […]

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Plate tectonics

By |2022-09-15T12:44:34+02:00January 24th, 2023|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Major Plates of the world. Image by Learner.org

Major Plates of the world. Image by Learner.org ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Plate Tectonics
  • The lithosphere (that is the earth’s crust and the rigid part of the mantle) is divided into seven large and several smaller plates.
  • A plate is a rock that is found […]

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Earthquakes and their causes

By |2022-09-15T12:44:25+02:00January 24th, 2023|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Destruction wreaked by an earthquake. Image credit Telegraph.co.uk

Destruction wreaked by an earthquake. Image credit Telegraph.co.uk ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Earthquakes and their causes
  • An earthquake is a shaking, vibration, trembling or movement in the earth’s crust.
  • They are caused by one tectonic plate sliding over or past another plate along […]

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