February 2025

Water as a renewable resource

By |2025-02-12T09:12:23+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Water is a critical life resource.

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes:Water as a renewable resource

  • Water covers over two-thirds of the earth’s surface.
  • It is found in oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, ice caps, glaciers and in underground aquifers.
  • Of the world’s most abundant water resources, only 3% is fresh water and […]
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Fish conservation

By |2025-02-12T09:08:36+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Police patrols can reduce fish poaching. Image credit flickr.com

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Fishing:Fish conservation

  • The fishing industry in the SADC region can only be sustained if sustainable methods are employed.
  • The following methods of conservation have been put in place in the region.
  • Legislation has been enacted […]
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Hydro-electric power

By |2025-02-12T09:27:38+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

A hydro-electric power station. Image credit MediaWiki

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Energy:Hydro-electric power

  • At a hydro-electric power plant, water leaves the lake or reservoir at high pressure (speed) and goes through pen stocks (concrete or steel pipes) to the turbines in a power house underground.
  • The force of […]
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Advantages and Disadvantages of coal as a source of energy

By |2025-02-12T08:58:53+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Burning coal

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Energy:Advantages and Disadvantages of coal as a source of energy

 Advantages

  • Relatively high energy amount.
  • Fairly plentiful with global estimate use of 4 000 years.
  • Employment creation in mining, processing, burning and distribution.
  • Has many other industrial uses.
  • Relatively cheap energy source.

Disadvantages

  • Non-renewable […]
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Pipelines

By |2025-02-12T09:33:29+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Pipeline under construction. Image credit MediaWiki Pipeline under construction. Image credit MediaWiki ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Transport: Pipeline

Advantages

  • They are very efficient
  • They are cheap once the installation has been completed.
  • They can carry fluids in bulk.

Disadvantages

  • They are immobile i.e the route cannot be changed once they are installed.
  • Can only carry fluids […]
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Introduction and importance of population studies

By |2025-02-12T08:56:31+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

A child holding a clinic card. Image credit BBC A child holding a clinic card. Image credit BBC ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Population:Introduction and importance of population studies

  • Population studies is the scientific study of human populations
  • It entails the study of:
  1. population numbers
  2. Their growth and decline
  3. deaths
  4. births

    5. […]

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Migration: Introduction

By |2025-02-12T09:19:16+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Forced Migration. Image credit UNHCR

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Migration: Introduction

  • Migration is the permanent or semi-permanent movement of people from one area to another, one country to another or one continent to another.
  • This involves the change of residence
  • There are several ways to classify migrations and these are:
    1. In terms […]
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Farming types in Africa

By |2025-02-12T09:03:09+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

A subsistence farmer. Image credit agricnation.com

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes:Agriculture:Farming types in Africa: Introduction

  • Zimbabwe and in a larger sense Africa are endowed with such a wide diversity of environmental conditions and cultures.
  • This was enhanced as a result of it being colonized by different European countries for over a century.

    • […]

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Plantation (estate) farming

By |2025-02-12T09:39:50+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

A tea estate. Image credit blogspot.com

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes:Agriculture:Farming types in Africa: Plantation (estate) farming

  • This is the large-scale production, usually of one crop on a large piece of land called an estate, for an extended period of time.
  • The crop grown here may be perennial, that is, grown […]
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Types of industry:Tertiary/Service Industry and Quaternary Industries

By |2025-02-12T09:04:54+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Rainbow Towers Hotel Harare.

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes:Industrial Studies: Types of industry:Tertiary/Service Industry and Quaternary Industries

Tertiary or service industries

  • These industries provide back-up services to primary and secondary industries so that their functioning becomes easier.
  • Examples include administration, retailing, transport and distribution, power supplies, health, education and housing.
  • These industries […]
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