February 2025

A case study of ZISCO

By |2025-02-12T09:13:41+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

A blast furnace at ZISCO steel company. Image credit media.glassdoor.com

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes:Iron and Steel Industry:A case study of ZISCO

  • This kind of industry is raw material based.

Raw materials required

  • Iron ore (Fe) is used to make pig iron or steel; scrap metal may be used in its place.
  • Limestone (CaCO3) […]
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Air Transport in Africa

By |2025-02-12T09:16:56+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Ethopian airways. Image credit financialgazette.co.zw

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Transport:Air Transport in Africa

  • Africa’s air transport is poorly organised at both the international and regional levels for the movement of passenger and freight.
  • Whilst global passenger and freight traffic have been growing annually, Africa’s situation is one where volumes are […]
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Export Processing Zones

By |2025-02-12T09:11:05+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Export Processing Zone at Beitbridge

Ways of improving Zimbabwe’s export potential

  • One way of improving foreign trade was to introduce the Zimbabwe International Trade Fair (ZITF).
  • This is held annually in Bulawayo as a showcase for Zimbabwe’s products.
  • Zimbabwean companies also participate in trade fairs organized by other countries for example Zambia, […]
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Conservation of mineral resources

By |2025-02-12T09:01:45+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

A pile of metal awaiting recycling. Image credit earth911.com

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources:Conservation of mineral resources

  • Conservation of resources is the ethical use and protection of valuable resources, such as trees, minerals, wildlife, water and others.
  • It focuses on maintaining the natural world in order to protect the […]
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Deforestation in tropical rainforests

By |2025-02-12T09:41:25+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Deforestation in a Tropical Rainforest. Image credit .worldwildlife.org

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes:Natural Resources:Tropical deforestation

  • Deforestation in tropical rain forests is mainly a result of the need to meet local and external needs.
  • Local needs are generally basic and include the following:
  • Agriculture- population pressures and rural poverty forces people to […]
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Natural Resouces: Fishing

By |2025-02-12T09:31:39+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Fishing in a river. Image credit africanfishermanonline.com

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Fishing: Introduction

Introduction

  • The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) countries are found between the Atlantic Ocean on the west and Indian Ocean on the east.
  • The region is endowed with large fresh water bodies.
  • These are in the […]
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Problems faced by the ocean and sea fishing industry

By |2025-02-12T09:12:49+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Fishing using mosquito nets along the coast of Tanzania. Image credit nytimes.com

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Fishing: Problems faced by sea fishing industry

  • The sea fishing industry in Southern Africa faces a number of problems which include the following.

Over-exploitation of marine resources particularly fish.

  • Fishing has increasingly become […]
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Nuclear power: Introduction

By |2025-02-12T09:36:17+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Koeberg Nuclear Power Station South Africa. Image credit melkbos.com

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Energy: Nuclear power

  • Nuclear power production is similar to thermal power production in a number of ways.
  • Both require a fuel to heat water and convert it to steam.
  • However, in the case of nuclear power, […]
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Advantages and Disadvantages of wood as a source of energy

By |2025-02-12T09:01:34+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Burning wood. Image credit villagenews.com

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Energy: Advantages and Disadvantages of wood/crop residue/cow dung  as a source of energy

Advantages

  • Renewable energy sources.
  • Cheap or free in rural areas.
  • Easily accessible where forests or woodlands/crops/animals exist.
  • Tsotso stoves conserve live trees.
  • Technology very cheap and readily […]
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Humidity

By |2025-02-12T09:08:25+02:00February 12th, 2025|O Level Geography, Weather and Climate|

Wet and dry bulb thermometer. Image by TradeIndia Wet and dry bulb thermometer. Image by TradeIndia ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Humidity

-a quantity representing the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.

  • It is measured using a hydrometer.
  • The wet and dry bulb thermometer is also known as a psychrometer.
  • Weather satellites can […]
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