Karen Mukungurutse, Author at Free ZIMSEC & Cambridge Revision Notes

Trade in the Mutapa State

By Karen Mukungurutse|2022-09-15T12:37:07+02:00January 24th, 2023|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Gold is one of the items traded in Mutapa kingdom. Image credit idolator.com

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: The Mutapa State (Kingdom): Trade in the Mutapa State

Three types of trade were done in the Mutapa state
That is, internal trade with the locals,
inter-regional trade with other states like the Ndebele […]

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Importance and effects of foreign trade in the Mutapa state

By Karen Mukungurutse|2022-09-15T12:37:07+02:00January 24th, 2023|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Ivory Trade was part of the Foreign Trade in Mutapa State. Image credit watchdog.co.ug

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: The Mutapa State (Kingdom): Importance and effects of foreign trade in the Mutapa state

Trade played an important role in the Mutapa State

Importance of Trade in the Mutapa Kingdom

The cloths and beads […]

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Military of the Mutapa Organisation of the Mutapa State

By Karen Mukungurutse|2022-09-15T12:37:06+02:00January 24th, 2023|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

African Spear. Image credit swordsantiqueweapons.com

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: The Mutapa State (Kingdom): Military of the Mutapa Organisation of the Mutapa State

The Mutapa did not have a standing army
The army was mobilized from peasants when there was an emergency
The war council in the Mutapa state was known as […]

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Crisis in Nguniland: Introduction

By Karen Mukungurutse|2022-09-15T12:37:06+02:00January 24th, 2023|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

A Zulu regiment in a film. Image credit pininterest.com

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: Crisis in Nguniland: Introduction

The group of Bantu speaking people who lived in the Southern-Eastern region of Southern Africa were called the Nguni
Nguniland was divided into three groups namely, the Zulu or Northern Kingdom, Xhosa and the […]

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The Mfecane

By Karen Mukungurutse|2022-09-15T12:37:06+02:00January 24th, 2023|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

The Zulu Army modern reenactment. Image credit britishempire.co.uk

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: Crisis in Nguniland: The Mfecane

It means a time of crushing
It was also given a Sesotho name called Difaqane or Lifaqane
It was a time of widespread warfare and disorder indigenous groups in Southern Africa from about 1815 […]

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Causes of Mfecane/Difaqane

By Karen Mukungurutse|2022-09-15T12:37:05+02:00January 24th, 2023|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Zulu soldiers at a village kraal. Image credit MediaWiki

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: Crisis in Nguniland: The Mfecane

Rapid population growth resulted on competition for land which was needed for agricultural, grazing and residential purposes
This led to over-cultivation of soils and later soil erosion
Bigger and powerful states like the […]

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Sobhuza versus Zwide

By Karen Mukungurutse|2022-09-15T12:37:05+02:00January 24th, 2023|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Nguni apparel. Image credit BBC

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: Crisis in Nguniland: Sobhuza versus Zwide

Zwide Kalanga (1758-1825) was the king of the Ndwandwe/Nxumalo nation circa 1805 to circa 1820
Around the time Zwide was king the Ndwandwe were a growing military power
Zidwe was an ambitious leader keen on expanding […]

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Zwide and Dingiswayo

By Karen Mukungurutse|2022-09-15T12:37:04+02:00January 24th, 2023|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

A dance in honour of King Dingiswayo. Image credit dailysun.co.za

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: Crisis in Nguniland: Zwide versus Dingiswayo

Dingiswayo(circa 1780-1817) was born Godongwana
He staged a failed coup against his father who was the king of the Mthethwa
He fled and adopted the name Dingiswayo which means wanderer
He came back […]

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