February 2025

The Marketing Department

By |2025-02-12T09:35:54+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Marketing:The Marketing Department

  • Is responsible for executing and implementing the organisation’s marketing functions
  • It carries out functions such as:
    1. Marketing research:
      1. Identifying opportunities that lie in the market that the business might exploit
      2. Carrying out desk and field research
      3. Analyzing data gathered from marketing research and making decisions
    2. New product development in […]
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Marketing: Sales Promotion

By |2025-02-12T09:11:12+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Marketing: Sales Promotion

  • Refers to all forms of promotion other than  advertising or personal selling
  • Stimulation of sales achieved through contests,
  • demonstrations,
  • discounts,
  • exhibitions or trade shows,
  • games,
  • giveaways,
  • point-of-sale displays and merchandising,
  • special offers,
  • trial periods
  • and similar activities.
  • Sales promotions are normally employed in a supportive role together with other forms […]
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Flow Production/Line Production

By |2025-02-12T09:29:09+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Production: Flow Production/Line Production

  • This is also known as assembly line or continuous production
  • It is a method used to manufacture, produce, or process materials without interruption to produce products
  • It involves repetitive manufacturing processes in which each product passes through the same sequence of operations,
  • and the machines and other equipment are […]
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Business Studies: Budgets an introduction

By |2025-02-12T09:13:24+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Business Finance and Accounting: Ratio Analysis:Budgets an introduction

  • As pointed out in another topic one of the principal functions of management is planning
  • It involves creating predetermined courses of action (i.e. plans)
  • A budget is a plan of action for achieving quantified objectives
  • Budgets are plans of action expressed in quantitative(measurable) terms
  • […]

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The Accounting Cycle

By |2025-02-12T08:56:10+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, Ordinary Level Notes, Principles of Accounts Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Principles of Accounting Notes: The Accounting Cycle

  • As has already been pointed out accounting includes the recording and presentation of transactions
  • This recording and presentation is done in a systemic manner i.e. it follows a set pattern
  • This pattern is known as the accounting cycle
  • The accounting cycle refers to the sequence of six steps in […]
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Principles of Accounting: Trade Discount

By |2025-02-12T09:26:31+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, Ordinary Level Notes, Principles of Accounts Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Principles of Accounts Notes: Trade Discount

  • Generally most businesses especially wholesalers and manufacturers have three types of customers:
    1. The General Public who buy only a few items
    2. Traders who only buy a few items
    3. Traders a large number of goods
  • Traders have to eventually sell to their own customers in their own areas for example […]
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Principles of Accounting: Introduction to Accounting Concepts

By |2025-02-12T09:18:52+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, Ordinary Level Notes, Principles of Accounts Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Principles of Accounting Notes: Introduction to Accounting Concepts

  • In the real world various measurement standards have been devised to aid communication, comparisons, trade and the sharing of ideas
  • For example units of measurement such as grams, meters, liters etc are universally used
  • We know what a kilogram looks like
  • Before the invention of these standards people […]
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Principles of Accounting: Double entry for depreciation example

By |2025-02-12T08:56:51+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, Ordinary Level Notes, Principles of Accounts Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Principles of Accounts Notes: Double entry for depreciation example

  • Here we will assume that you have read
  • The topic about the rationale behind depreciation
  • The topic about the methods of calculating depreciation
  • The entries required to record depreciation in the books
  • If not you should click on each of the above links and […]
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Principles of Accounting: Bank Reconciliation Statement Example

By |2025-02-12T09:35:22+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, Ordinary Level Notes, Principles of Accounts Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Principles of Accounts Notes: Bank Reconciliation Statement Example

  • As discussed here preparing a bank reconciliation statement involves three steps:
    1. Obtaining the current bank statement
    2. Updating the Cash Book
    3. Preparing the Bank reconciliation statement
  • Now we will look at an example:

Draw up a bank reconciliation statement, after writing the cash book up to date, ascertaining the […]

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Principles of Accounting: Incomplete and Single Entry Example 1 solution

By |2025-02-12T09:00:24+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, Ordinary Level Notes, Principles of Accounts Notes|

  • This the solution to our first example question on incomplete and single entry
  • First we need to calculate the Sales figure for the year ended 30 April 20×9:

Sales Figure Calculation

  • Then we need to ascertain purchases for the year:

Purchases Figure Calculation

Income Statement for the year ended 30 April 20×9

NB This is how arrived at the Miscellaneous […]

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