February 2025

Structure of atoms: protons,electrons and neutrons

By |2025-02-12T09:05:35+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

The atomic structure of carbon. Image credit ucsb.edu The atomic structure of carbon. Image credit ucsb.edu ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Structure of atoms: protons,electrons and neutrons

Protons and neutrons

  • The protons are the positive charge in the nucleus of an atom
  • The neutrons are also in the nucleus but they have […]
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Loading a beam

By |2025-02-12T09:12:52+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Loading a beam Loading a beam ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Loading a beam

  • When a beam is loaded it will bend
  • Bending movement creates stress
  • The top of the beam is compressed and the underside is stretched
  • This is because there are compressive forces at the top and stretching/tensile forces at the underside
  • If […]
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Experiment: The reaction of metals and water

By |2025-02-12T09:35:30+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Experiment: The reaction of metals and water

Aim: Investigating and Observing the reactions of metals and water

Materials: calcium, magnesium, zinc, lead, iron, copper, beaker, test tubes, filter funnel, water, splint, burner, universal indicator

Some metals like calcium react with water. Some metals like calcium react with water.

Method

  1. Place a […]
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Steel making

By |2025-02-12T09:24:04+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Steel beams. Image credit risleysteelservices.ca Steel beams. Image credit risleysteelservices.ca ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Steel making

  • The iron from the oxygen lance process is poured into a ladle and
  • Small amounts of other metals are mixed with it
  • It is mixed with metals such as:
  • manganese, cobalt, chromium […]
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Experiment:Making coke and collecting the resulting gases

By |2025-02-12T09:05:22+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Making coke Making coke ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Experiment:Making coke and collecting the resulting gases

Aim: To make coke using coal and collect the gas and liquid by-products

Materials: crushed coal, test tubes, glass tubing, splints, lead ethanoate solution, filter paper, red and blue litmus paper, sodium hydroxide solution, beaker, water, trough, […]

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Experiment: Charges between charged bodies

By |2025-02-12T09:18:20+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Like charges repel and unlike attract Like charges repel and unlike attract ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes:  Experiment: Charges between charged bodies

Aim: To demonstrate the forces of static electricity

Materials: glass/perspective rod, 2 polythene rods, silk cloth, woolen cloth and 2 watch-glasses

Method

  1. Balance two watch-glasses so that the top one is sitting on […]
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Experiment: To measure the potential difference of a simple cell

By |2025-02-12T09:36:15+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Testing simple cell electrodes Testing simple cell electrodes ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Experiment: To measure the potential difference of a simple cell

Aim: To measure the potential difference of a simple cell when different electrodes are used

Materials: dilute sulphuric acid, voltmeter, beaker, leads and crocodile clips, magnesium ribbon,lead foil, copper foil, […]

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Electric motors

By |2025-02-12T09:00:36+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

A simple motor. Image credit youtube.com A simple motor. Image credit youtube.com ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Electric motors

  • An electric motor converts electrical energy into kinetic energy
  • This is caused by the interaction of the electrical field of the coil and
  • The magnetic field of the magnets in the […]
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