February 2025

Calderas

By |2025-02-12T08:57:46+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

El Boqueron caldera in El Salvador. Image credit Wikispaces.com El Boqueron caldera in El Salvador. Image credit Wikispaces.com ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Calderas

  • Calderas are very large craters often two or more kilometers in diameter that form at the top of volcanoes.
  • They are often deep extending downwards for a few hundred […]
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Lava Plateaus

By |2025-02-12T09:01:56+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Fissure eruptions at Mt Nyiragongo. Image credit Imgsoup. Fissure eruptions at Mt Nyiragongo. Image credit Imgsoup. ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Lava Plateaus

  • Lava eruptions through narrow cracks (fissures) tends to be very quiet and subdued.
  • The lava spreads out over the surrounding countryside.
  • Successive lava outpourings causes successive layers of lava to […]
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Hot springs and geysers

By |2025-02-12T09:03:06+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Castle Geyser USA. Image credit Flyingfishphotography.com Castle Geyser USA. Image credit Flyingfishphotography.com ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Hot Springs and Geysers

  • Besides the major intrusive and extrusive landforms resulting from volcanic activity, other minor features of volcanoes include: hot springs, mud-pots, pools of boiling water, fumaroles and […]
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The theory of continental drift

By |2025-02-12T09:12:29+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Evedence for the continental drift. Image by Wiki Commons. Evidence for the continental drift. Image by Wiki Commons. ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: The theory of continental drift

  • The theory of or idea that present day continents were once one single continent.
  • Continental drifts refers to the movement of continents.
  • The theory says that […]
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Benefits and Problems of Volcanoes

By |2025-02-12T09:04:37+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Fertile volcanic soil Kenya. Image credit tishaferral.com Fertile volcanic soil Kenya. Image credit tishaferral.com ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Benefits and Problems of Volcanoes

Benefits of volcanoes to humans

  • They eject lava and ash which in turn produce very fertile soils which boost agriculture activities.
  • Volcanoes and areas near them can […]
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Earthquakes and their causes

By |2025-02-12T09:05:59+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Destruction wreaked by an earthquake. Image credit Telegraph.co.uk Destruction wreaked by an earthquake. Image credit Telegraph.co.uk ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Earthquakes and their causes

  • An earthquake is a shaking, vibration, trembling or movement in the earth’s crust.
  • They are caused by one tectonic plate sliding over or past another plate along […]
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Convergence and collision zones/plates

By |2025-02-12T09:16:29+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Convergence zone. Image by Coft.edu Convergence zone. Image by Coft.edu ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Plate tectonics: Convergence Zone.

Convergence zone

  • Are also know as destructive plates (zones) or the zone of subduction.
  • This is when two plates move towards each other as shown on the diagram above.
  • An Ocean crust moves towards a […]
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