February 2025

Batch Production

By |2025-02-12T09:28:00+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Production: Batch Production

  • Is a method of production where products are made in batches
  • The products are made in groups rather than individually as in job production or in a continuous stream as in flow production
  • Each batch is completed before starting the next group of products
  • For example a shoe maker can […]
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Business Studies: Gearing ratios

By |2025-02-12T09:12:05+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Business Finance and Accounting: Ratio Analysis:Gearing ratios

  • Gearing refers to the extent to which a business’s assets are financed using debt capital versus equity capital
  • Remember the balance sheet equation:
  • Assets = Capital (Equity) + Liabilities (Debt)
  • What this means is that all assets are purchased using either equity or debt finance
  • Equity […]
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Introduction to Debentures

By |2025-02-12T09:23:27+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes, Principles of Accounts Notes|

A debenture certificate. Image credit scripophily.net A debenture certificate. Image credit scripophily.net ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Introduction to Debentures

  • These are loan stocks that are issued to the company.
  • A debenture is simply a document or certificates that acknowledges said loan.
  • Debentures are creditors to the […]
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Market based organisational structure

By |2025-02-12T08:58:09+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

An example of a market based structure An example of a market based structure

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Market based organisational structure

  • This is where the organisation’s divisions, operations, duties and positions are based markets, market segments, industry or customer types
  • For example a large clothing store with different […]
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Communication in business: Open meeting

By |2025-02-12T09:36:28+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Business Meeting. Image credit atlantablackstar.com

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Communication: Open meeting

  • Is a formal or informal gathering of individuals that deliberately come together to deliberate on certain issues of importance to the organisation and its members
  • Formal meetings are planned,  officially recognised by the organisation and have a agenda […]
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Types of Industrial Action

By |2025-02-12T09:14:39+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Managing Human Resources: Trade Unions: Types of Industrial Action

  • If and when there is a failure in negotiations and conflict resolution employees may resort to industrial action
  • Industrial action refers to steps that employees can take to force management to accept their demands
  • There are various types of industrial action:
  • Withdrawal of cooperation

    • […]

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The Marketing Department

By |2025-02-12T09:35:54+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Marketing:The Marketing Department

  • Is responsible for executing and implementing the organisation’s marketing functions
  • It carries out functions such as:
    1. Marketing research:
      1. Identifying opportunities that lie in the market that the business might exploit
      2. Carrying out desk and field research
      3. Analyzing data gathered from marketing research and making decisions
    2. New product development in […]
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Marketing: Sales Promotion

By |2025-02-12T09:11:12+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Marketing: Sales Promotion

  • Refers to all forms of promotion other than  advertising or personal selling
  • Stimulation of sales achieved through contests,
  • demonstrations,
  • discounts,
  • exhibitions or trade shows,
  • games,
  • giveaways,
  • point-of-sale displays and merchandising,
  • special offers,
  • trial periods
  • and similar activities.
  • Sales promotions are normally employed in a supportive role together with other forms […]
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