second chimurenga

Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: The Struggle for Independence in Colonial Zimbabwe 1900-1980: Chimurenga II/ Umvukela II

 Introduction

• This topic seeks to evaluate early protest movements in Southern Rhodesia
• It enumerates the list of grievances that Africans had against colonial rule
• The social and economic lives of […]
  

Land was one of the core grievances.

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: The Struggle for Independence in Colonial Zimbabwe:African Grievances against Colonial Rule: Economic Grievances

• The racial division of the land was the main cause of the liberation struggle
• All Rhodesian Prime Ministers were farmers
• The institution of the Land Apportionment […]
  

Goromonzi High School. Image credit wordpress.com

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: The Struggle for Independence in Colonial Zimbabwe: Social Grievances

• It was the second major grievance that the Africans held towards settlers
• Education was compulsory for whites but this was not extended to blacks
• African education was left in the hands […]
  

Ian Smith(left) the Prime Minister of Rhodesia

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: The Struggle for Independence in Colonial Zimbabwe: Political Grievances

• Africans had also lost their political voice
• Many Africans were denied the right to vote by the qualifications for voting introduced
• Franchise legislation even though it was changed 5 times […]
  

Rhodesian Infantry in the 1900

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: The Struggle for Independence in Colonial Zimbabwe 1900-1980:  Early Peasant Struggles through Associations, Unions and Societies (1900-49)

Petitions

• After the defeat and silencing of national movements in the late 1890s,
• some leaders continued to gain their land back
• Nyamanda, the oldest […]