February 2025

The Officials found at Mutapa court

By |2025-02-12T09:01:43+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

A modern day spirit medium. Image credit blogspot.com A modern day spirit medium. Image credit blogspot.com ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: The Officials found at Mutapa Court

The following officials were found at the Mutapa court in the Mutapa kingdom.

  • The Mutapa himself.
  • The Governor of Provinces (Nengomasha) who was in fact the king’s […]
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A list of known Mhondoros/Svikiros in the Mutapa Kingdom

By |2025-02-12T08:55:44+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Nyakasikana the last known medium of Nehanda.

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: The Mutapa Kingdom: A list of known Mhondoros/Svikiros in the Mutapa Kingdom

  • Mhondoros were the national spirit mediums/ancestral spirits in the Mutapa state
  • They were usually made up of royal ancestral spirits
  • The word svikiro comes from a Shona verb (infinitive) kusvika which […]
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Causes of Mfecane/Difaqane

By |2025-02-12T09:16:54+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Zulu soldiers at a village kraal. Image credit MediaWiki

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: Crisis in Nguniland: The Mfecane

  • Rapid population growth resulted on competition for land which was needed for agricultural, grazing and residential purposes
  • This led to over-cultivation of soils and later soil erosion
  • Bigger and powerful states like the […]
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Religious Organisation of the Ndebele State

By |2025-02-12T09:44:04+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Drawing of Ndebele army dancing. Image credit plus.google.com

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: The Ndebele State:Religious Organisation of the Ndebele State

  • They believed in a supreme God whom they called Umnkulunkulu.
  • The Ndebele adopted the Rozvi Mwari called Mlimo in SiNdebele and Amadhloziformerly called masvikiro
  • In times of disaster they consulted the […]
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The Berlin Conference

By |2025-02-12T09:34:39+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Otto von Bismarck. Image credit famouspeople.com

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes:Scramble and Partition of Africa:The Berlin Conference

  • The Berlin colonial conference took place from 1884-1885
  • This is not to be confused with the Congress of Berlin(1878) or the Postdam conference of 1945
  • It was called for by the German […]
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First Chimurenga: Why were the Ndebele and Shona Defeated?

By |2025-02-12T09:15:50+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

First Chimurenga prisoners

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: The First Chimurenga: Why were the Ndebele and Shona Defeated?

  • There were an estimate 188 injuries and 450 deaths among Europeans and 8000 deaths among Africans
  • They were defeated because they had inferior weapons
  • The whites had dynamites, maxim guns and powders whilst […]
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Methods used to Recruit Labour in Rhodesia

By |2025-02-12T08:56:08+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Slaves toiling. Image credit stockton.edu

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: Zimbabwe 1894-1969: Methods used to Recruit Labour

  • The settlers used force to get labour at first chibharo, slave or forced labour
  • They forced local chiefs to supply able bodied men
  • Policemen would raid villages and force all able bodied men to […]
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South Africa 1867 – 1910: The Discovery of Gold

By |2025-02-12T09:32:48+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Early gold prospectors

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: South Africa 1867 – 1910: The Discovery of Gold

  • Gold was discovered in 1884 in the Witwatersrand area but was under utilized
  • It was discovered by Jan Gerrit Bantjes on a farm called Vogelstruisfontein in June 1884 and then by the Struben brothers […]
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The Federal Executive or Cabinet and Federal Civil Service

By |2025-02-12T09:05:40+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Parliament meeting in Zimbabwe image credit Newsday.co.zw

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland:The Federal Executive or Cabinet and Federal Civil Service

  • The Federal government had a cabinet that co-ordinated and directed its movements
  • Initially there were 5 cabinet ministers which later increased to 7 by 1958
  • The […]
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