February 2025

The effects of earthquakes

By |2025-02-12T09:08:11+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

A tsunami in Miyako Japan 2011/Image credit Ibtimes. A tsunami in Miyako Japan 2011/Image credit Ibtimes. ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: The effects of Earthquakes.

Factors that may affect the impact of earthquakes.

  • Distance of concerned area from epicenter although you should take note of the factor below.
  • Coastal locations have a higher risk […]
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Divergence/Constructive zone/plates

By |2025-02-12T09:18:09+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Divergent plates. Image by Cornel. Divergent plates. Image by Cornel. ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Plate Tectonics: Convergence Plates

  • In a divergence zone plates move away from one another thus the name “divergence.”
  • Magma up-wells from the mantle to fill the gap left by the diverging plates.
  • The magma provides new material to form […]
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Weathering

By |2025-02-12T09:10:34+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

A weathered boulder. Image credit earthlearningidea. A weathered boulder. Image credit earthlearningidea. ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Weathering

  • Earth movements (plate tectonics) create and lead to the development of the earth’s major landforms for example block mountains, volcanic cones, lava plateaus and rift valleys.
  • As soon as they are formed denudation processes […]
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Conservative zones/Transform faults

By |2025-02-12T09:19:46+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

A conservative margin. Image by Expediatearcade. A conservative margin. Image by Expediatearcade. ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Plate Tectonics: Transform Zones

  • At constructive zones plates slide sideways past each other.
  • In opposite directions in a tear or shear fashion.
  • At these margins lithosphere (land/oceanic crust) is neither created nor destroyed
  • That is neither plate is […]
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Folding

By |2025-02-12T09:22:02+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Simple Folding. Image by Pixshark. Simple Folding. Image by Pixshark. ZIMSEC O Level Geography: Folding

  • Tectonic movements are those movements that result from the earth’s internal forces.
  • When forces move horizontally towards one another they are known as compressional.
  • Rocks that make up the earth’s crust are subjected to these compressional forces in a […]
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Physical weathering

By |2025-02-12T09:15:03+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Exfoliation weathering. Image credit asergeev.com Exfoliation weathering. Image credit asergeev.com ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Physical Weathering

  • Physical weathering is the disintegration of a rock into smaller particles by mechanical processes and without any changes in the chemical composition of the rock.
  • It is more likely to occur in arid climates such […]
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Land-forms resulting from folding

By |2025-02-12T09:24:38+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

The fold mountains of the Cape are among the most prominent features of folding. Image via AfricanSky. The fold mountains of the Cape are among the most prominent features of folding. Image via AfricanSky.

Land-forms resulting from folding

Several landforms are formed during the folding process including:

  1. Anticlines
  2. Nappe fold
  3. Overthrust
  4. Overfold
  5. Recumbent
  6. Fold mountains

1. Anticline

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Factors affecting weathering

By |2025-02-12T09:17:15+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Weathered Limestone rocks. Image credit konfuciuszintezet.hu Weathered Limestone rocks. Image credit konfuciuszintezet.hu ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Factors affecting weathering.

  • The rate and prvailing type of weathering at any given place is affected by:
  1. Climate
  2. Relief
  3. Vegetation
  4. Rock type

Climate

  • Weathering types are distrubuted according to the prevailing climate of given areas especially when considering.
  • Temperature and rainfall […]
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Faulting

By |2025-02-12T09:28:52+02:00February 12th, 2025|Landform Studies, Notes, O Level Geography|

Common types of faults. Common types of faults. Image via Noaa.gov ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Faulting.

  • Lateral earth movements often produce very great stresses due to compressional forces (when plates move towards one another) and tensional forces (pulling apart).
  • These forces can cause fractures or breaks in the earth’s crust.
  • When breaks […]
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