February 2025

The siting and production of hydro-electric power: Rivers and Space

By |2025-02-12T09:28:25+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

The Zambezi River and the Victoria Falls. Image credit thesafarisource.com/

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Energy:The siting and production of hydro-electric power

Large perennial rivers

  • These are also important and necessary for establishing HEP stations.
  • These ensure a constant supply of a large volume of water required.
  • When the rivers […]
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil/Petroleum as a source of energy

By |2025-02-12T08:59:26+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Energy: Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural gas as a source of energy

Advantages

  • Has high energy output, an efficient energy source.
  • Relatively cleaner compared with coal.
  • Easy to mine if land-based oilfields.
  • Easy to transport through pipelines.
  • Can be used to power vehicles
  • Relatively cheap.
  • Has a lot of other industrial uses.

Disadvantages

  • Environmentally […]
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Copper products, benefits and problems

By |2025-02-12T09:39:34+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Copper products in a hardware store

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Copper mining in Zambia:Copper products

The following is a list of properties of copper:

  • Copper is ductile. Meaning it can be made into wire.
  • It can be polished, thus it is used for making ornaments for example, copper plates, […]
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Sustainable Management of forest resources in rural areas

By |2025-02-12T09:24:30+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Some of the staff from various ministries and organisations in Zimbabwe involved in the sustainable use of resources

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes:Natural Resources: Sustainable Management of forest resources in rural areas

  • Sustainable economic development involves the careful management of resources, conservation and the monitoring of the effects of resource exploitation […]
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Natural Resources: Sustainable water consumption

By |2025-02-12T09:13:43+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Water should be used in a sustainable manner.

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Water: Sustainable water consumption

  • Sustainable water use means that water must be consumed at the same rate or slower than it is being replenished by the hydrological cycle.
  • To ensure equal access to water, increase protection […]
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Aquaculture and its advantages and disadvantages

By |2025-02-12T09:09:21+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Fishing in an aquaculture pond. Image credit irinnews.org

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Fishing:Advantages and disadvantages of aquaculture

  • the rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food
  • It is practiced in ponds, rivers, dams, lakes or even oceans
  • It is also known as aquafarming
  • The […]
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Energy:Thermal power

By |2025-02-12T09:28:46+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Hwange Thermal Power Station. Image credit businessdaily.co.zw

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Energy:Thermal power

  • In thermal power production, fuel is used to heat water in huge boilers, converting this water into steam.
  • The steam at high pressure and through pipes, is directed to turbines.
  • The pressure turns the turbines […]
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural gas as a source of energy

By |2025-02-12T08:59:51+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Natural gas flame

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Energy: Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural gas as a source of energy

 Advantages

  • Has a high energy output.
  • Cleaner and efficient.
  • Easy to mine and transport
  • Cheap
  • Can power vehicles.
  • Has other industrial uses.

Disadvantages

  • Environmentally unfriendly through pollution especially of air.
  • Very […]
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Case Study:Oil in Nigeria

By |2025-02-12T08:58:50+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Oil drilling on the Niger Delta. Image credit worldofmatter.net

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Exploitation of Natural Resources: Case Study:Oil in Nigeria

  • Nigeria is the largest producer of oil in Africa. This sweet oil is similar in composition to petroleum extracted from the North Sea.
  •  There are six petroleum exportation terminals in […]
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Indigenous commercial forests

By |2025-02-12T09:39:43+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Chirinda Forest in Chimanimani. Image credit afrikascout.de

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Commercial timber resources:Indigenous commercial forests

  • Commercial timber resources in Zimbabwe can be divided into two classes, namely: indigenous tropical hardwoods and the exotic plantations.
    1. The indigenous tropical hardwoods like the Zimbabwean teak, mahogany and mukwa.
    2. The exotic […]
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