February 2025

Oxidation of iron/Rusting

By |2025-02-12T09:44:16+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Oxidation of iron/Rusting

  • Iron combines with oxygen to form rust
  • The oxidation process of iron is known as rusting
  • Rust is a reddish-brown crust that forms on iron
  • It is iron oxide
  • \text{iron+oxygen}\rightarrow\text{iron oxide}
  • Most iron objects such as nails, paper clips, wires and iron coins rust when they are exposed to the […]
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Experiment: Purification of copper using electrolysis

By |2025-02-12T09:29:04+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Refining copper using electrolysis Refining copper using electrolysis ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Experiment: Purification of copper using electrolysis

Aim: To investigate the process of refining copper using electrolysis

Materials: two strips of copper, sandpaper, copper sulphate solution, 12 volt dc supply/battery, beaker, ammeter/bulb

Method

  1. Clean two strips of copper using sandpaper
  2. Place them in […]
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Experiment: Determining the best conditions for the production of ethanol

By |2025-02-12T09:09:40+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Fermentation of glucose Fermentation of glucose ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Experiment: Determining the best conditions for the production of ethanol

Aim: To determine the best conditions for ethanol production

Materials: 5% glucose solution, 20% glucose solution, yeast, sodium hydroxide solution, mealie meal, dilute hydrochloric acid, thermometer, conical flask, cork, glass tube, test tube, […]

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Potential difference

By |2025-02-12T09:23:46+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

A voltmeter in a circuit A voltmeter in a circuit measuring potential difference between two points ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Potential difference

  • Potential difference is the “electrical pressure” which causes current to flow in a circuit
  • The amount of current flowing depends on the potential difference of the circuit

    • […]

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Cells in parallel

By |2025-02-12T09:39:42+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Cells in parallel Cells in parallel ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes:  Cells in parallel

  • As alternative to arranging cells in series
  • Cells can be arranged in parallel to one another
  • This results in an increase in amperage capacity
  • This results in cells lasting longer
  • When cells are arranged in parallel
  • The […]
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Electrical safety

By |2025-02-12T09:05:24+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Safe use of electricity .Image credit keyword-suggestions.com Safe use of electricity .Image credit keyword-suggestions.com ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Electrical safety

  • Electrical safety is important as electric shocks can be lethal and improper use of electricity can result in fires
  • The following precautions can be taken when using electricity:
  • Wearing […]
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