February 2025

Refugees: Introduction

By |2025-02-12T09:23:05+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Sudanese refugees. Image credit CCTV Africa

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes:Refugees: Introduction

  • Refugee– is a person who cannot return to his/her own country because of a well-founded fear of persecution for reason of race, religion, nationality, political association or social grouping
  • A refugee is therefore a forced emigrant
  • Based on this definition, African […]
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Nomadism: A Case Study

By |2025-02-12T09:14:06+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Sahel Nomads. Image credit btcycle.com

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes:Agriculture:Farming types in Africa: Subsistence farming: Nomadism: A Case Study: Sedentarisation of nomads in the Sahel

Sedenterisation of Nomads in the Sahel

  • In this scheme, an area to settle the nomads is selected by UN officials.
  • A deep well is sunk at the centre, […]
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Livestock Farming

By |2025-02-12T09:19:00+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Dairy Farm. Image credit abstcm.com

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes:Agriculture:Farming types in Africa:Livestock Farming

  • Animal husbandry is the rearing of livestock, cattle, sheep, goats and donkeys by a farmer in order to sustain himself and his nation.
  • Commercially, for Zimbabwe and the rest of Africa with the exception of South Africa’s […]
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A case study of ZISCO

By |2025-02-12T09:13:41+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

A blast furnace at ZISCO steel company. Image credit media.glassdoor.com

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes:Iron and Steel Industry:A case study of ZISCO

  • This kind of industry is raw material based.

Raw materials required

  • Iron ore (Fe) is used to make pig iron or steel; scrap metal may be used in its place.
  • Limestone (CaCO3) […]
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Modern Developments in Transport: Sea transport

By |2025-02-12T09:31:37+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

A container ship. Image credit MediaWiki

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Transport:Modern Developments in Transport: Sea transport

  • Sea transport development has involved the modernization of old ports through deepening of harbours, building wharfs and quays and installing new port handling facilities to increase capacity and efficiency.
  • For example in Mozambique, the […]
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Case Study:Copper mining in Zambia

By |2025-02-12T09:38:48+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Kansanshi Copper mine in Zambia. Image credit apjjf.org

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Case Study:Copper mining in Zambia

The Copper belt

  • The following are factors which have influenced the development of copper mining on the copper belt in Zambia:

Geological occurrence of copper

  • The copper deposits occur in an axial belt […]
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Indigenous commercial forests

By |2025-02-12T09:39:43+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Chirinda Forest in Chimanimani. Image credit afrikascout.de

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Commercial timber resources:Indigenous commercial forests

  • Commercial timber resources in Zimbabwe can be divided into two classes, namely: indigenous tropical hardwoods and the exotic plantations.
    1. The indigenous tropical hardwoods like the Zimbabwean teak, mahogany and mukwa.
    2. The exotic […]
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Natural Resources: Water quality

By |2025-02-12T09:25:55+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Water Quality is important. Image credit goinggreenrecyclingnigeria.org

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Water: Water quality

The quality of water can be improved by:

  • Improving water treatment techniques.
  • Improving sanitation at household level.
  • Treating sewage before discharging it in streams and rivers.
  • Recycling industrial waste.
  • Use of bio-degradable chemicals in the […]
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Sea fisheries found on the west coast of Southern Africa

By |2025-02-12T09:12:24+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Recreational fishing off the coast of Namibia. Image credit travelnewsnamibia.com

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Fishing:Sea fisheries on the west coast of Southern Africa

  • Fisheries of the Benguela cold current system cover the area along the west coast of South Africa, Namibia and southern Angola.
  • The area on the […]
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Geothermal power: Locational factors

By |2025-02-12T09:35:41+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

A geothermal station in Iceland. Image credit ucsusa.org

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes: Natural Resources: Energy: Geothermal power locational factors

  • Geothermal power can only be generated in areas of active volcanicity.
  • These areas are known as geothermal hotspots.
  • These are zones where volcanic activity underground makes rocks hot and these rocks […]
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