February 2025

Properties of Nonmetals vs metals

By |2025-02-12T09:21:43+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Common metal objects. Image credit blogspot.com Common metal objects. Image credit blogspot.com ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Experiment: Properties of Metals and Non-Metals

  • Elements can be divided into two groups:
  • Metals and Non-metals
  • Examples of metals are: copper, zinc, iron, gold, silver, chrome, lead and tin
  • Almost all metals have certain properties that makes them […]
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Copper and its alloys

By |2025-02-12T09:24:43+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Copper and its alloys. Image credit zzhi.com Copper and its alloys. Image credit zzhi.com ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes:Copper and its alloys

  • Copper is a common element found in the earth’s crust
  • It can occur as an element, as copper oxide or as sulphide ore
  • In Zimbabwe:
  • Sulphide copper deposits […]
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Extraction of copper from sulphides

By |2025-02-12T09:26:36+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes:Extraction of copper from sulphides

  • Copper is extracted from various types of ore including sulphide ores
  • For example copper ores found on the Great Dyke near Mhangura is of the sulphide type
  • Once the sulphide ore is extracted from the earth
  • It is crushed to form a very fine powder which is then further […]
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Purification of copper using electrolysis

By |2025-02-12T09:27:29+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Electrolysis of copper. Image credit 180daysofteaching.wordpress.com Electrolysis of copper. Image credit 180daysofteaching.wordpress.com ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes:Purification of copper using electrolysis

  • The impure copper (blister copper) yielded from the converter
  • Is then molded into thick sheets
  • These sheets become positive plates i.e.
  • they are connected on the positive side […]
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Experiment: The flotation cell

By |2025-02-12T09:28:07+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

The purification of copper using the flotation cell The purification of copper using the flotation cell ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes:Experiment: The flotation cell

Aim:  To make a copper flotation cell

Materials: basin of water, mixture of sand and powdered copper sulphide, washing powder/dish washing liquid,litmus paper, rubber tube, filter funnel, tray, wooden […]

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Experiment: Purification of copper using electrolysis

By |2025-02-12T09:29:04+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Refining copper using electrolysis Refining copper using electrolysis ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Experiment: Purification of copper using electrolysis

Aim: To investigate the process of refining copper using electrolysis

Materials: two strips of copper, sandpaper, copper sulphate solution, 12 volt dc supply/battery, beaker, ammeter/bulb

Method

  1. Clean two strips of copper using sandpaper
  2. Place them in […]
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Extraction of copper from oxides

By |2025-02-12T09:29:40+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Extraction of copper from oxides

  • In addition to sulphides
  • Copper ore can also be in the form of oxides
  • For example Cuprite
  • Unlike withe sulphides the oxygen in copper oxides cannot be driven off by roasting
  • Copper can be yielded by using the reduction process
  • Sodium carbonate is used in the process
  • It […]
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Experiment: Reduction of copper using carbon

By |2025-02-12T09:30:04+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Extraction of copper from oxides

Aim: To investigate the reduction of copper oxide using carbon

Materials: copper oxide, anhydrous sodium carbonate, charcoal block, blow pipe, burner

The reduction of copper using carbon. Image credit chemistrydemos.co.uk The reduction of copper using carbon.

Method

  1. Mix a little copper oxide with sodium carbonate
  2. Place […]
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Experiment: Separating copper from its oxides

By |2025-02-12T09:30:43+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Experiment: Separating copper from its oxides

Aim: To separate copper from its oxide ores

Materials: copper oxide, iron nail, dilute sulphuric acid, filter funnel, 2 beakers, stirring rod, filter paper, burner

Extracting copper from copper oxide Extracting copper from copper oxide

Method

  1. Place a small amount of copper oxide in a […]
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