February 2025

Research and Development

By |2025-02-12T09:34:02+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Production: Quality and its importance

  • Also known as R & D
  • It refers to work directed towards the innovation, introduction, and improvement of products and processes
  • It involves:
    1. Developing completely new products
    2. Creating imitation products that can compete with a rival’s products
    3. Creating prototypes and models based on marketing research data
    4. Improving existing […]
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Business Studies: Break even analysis the graphical method example

By |2025-02-12T09:19:21+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Business Finance and Accounting: Break even analysis the graphical method example

  • As has been pointed out there are two approaches to break even analysis
  • In this post we will look at the graphical method
  • To help make matters clear we will make extensive use of an example below

Shona runs a take-away pizza […]

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Cambrige Notes: Introduction to Debentures

By |2025-02-12T09:03:32+02:00February 12th, 2025|Cambridge O Level/ IGSCE Accounts Notes, Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Cambridge IGCSE Accounting(0452)/O Level Principles of Accounts(7110) Notes: Introduction to Debentures
A debenture certificate. Image credit scripophily.net A debenture certificate. Image credit scripophily.net

  • These are loan stocks that are issued to the company.
  • A debenture is simply a document or certificates that acknowledges said loan.
  • Debentures are […]
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The Advantages and Disadvantages of a Private Limited Company

By |2025-02-12T09:04:26+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Lamasat is an example of a Private Limited Company. Image credit topnews.co.zw Lamasat is an example of a Private Limited Company.  ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: The Advantages and Disadvantages of a Private Limited Company

  • A Private Limited Company has several advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages

  • The shareholders have limited liability.
  • There […]
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Importance, Advantages and Disadvantages of informal groups

By |2025-02-12T09:11:17+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Informal groups meet social needs of members. Image credit psypost.org

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Importance, Advantages and Disadvantages of informal groups

Advantages /Importance of informal groups

  • They satisfy the social needs of their members
  • The group members can help each other […]
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Communication in Business: Circulars

By |2025-02-12T08:57:04+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Image credit shareyouressays.com

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Leadership: Communication in Business: Circulars

  • Are also known as circular letters
  • It is a written document that is addressed for circulation to a group of people
  • It is usually formal and official
  • They are also known as fliers
  • Many companies use circulars […]
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The selection process

By |2025-02-12T09:21:28+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Managing Human Resources: Human Resources Management: The selection process

  • When the proper candidates have been recruited
  • The following step is to select the most appropriate candidate(s) from the available pool
  • Selection is the process of screening candidates using a variety of criteria so as to identify and […]
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Market segmentation

By |2025-02-12T09:41:28+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Marketing: Market segmentation

  • this is the process of dividing/dis-aggregating the market into discrete/distinct groups(segments) of customers based on a variety of criteria
  • Here the word market refers to the total sum of all of a firm’s customers/consumers
  • The words customer and consumer after often used interchangeably in business
  • Consumer- is the end user […]
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Advantages and disadvantages of cost based pricing methods

By |2025-02-12T09:15:27+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Marketing: Advantages and disadvantages of cost based pricing methods

  • Cost based pricing models have some benefits and drawbacks

Advantages

  • It is easy to understand and calculate the price
  • These pricing models make sure that incurred costs are covered
  • They can be helpful and do simplify investment appraisal decisions for example using required rate of […]
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Cash flow introduction

By |2025-02-12T09:36:29+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Business Finance and Accounting: Cash Flow Introduction

  • Cash flow is defined as the movement of cash into and out of the business
  • Cash flowing into the business is called cash inflow
  • Conversely cash flowing out is called cash out flow
  • In accounting terms cash flow is viewed as the difference between the amount […]
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