February 2025

Upward, Downward, Horizontal Communication

By |2025-02-12T09:25:52+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Business Studies Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Horizontal communication is between peers. Image credit life.wevorce.com

ZIMSEC O Level Business Studies Notes: Leadership: Upward, Downward, Horizontal Communication

  • When it comes to direction communication can be classified as horizontal, downward or upward
  • Downward communication follows the chain of command from the topmost levels to the subordinates
  • This can be used […]
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Effects of the usage of iron

By |2025-02-12T09:00:44+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

An Iron Age compound (reconstruction). Image credit archaeology.org

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: Early Societies (Late Stone Age – Early Iron Age): Effects of the usage of iron

  • the effects of the usage of iron during the Iron Age can be divided into various groups:

Economic effects

  • The introduction made it possible for […]
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Military of the Mutapa Organisation of the Mutapa State

By |2025-02-12T09:14:52+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

African Spear. Image credit swordsantiqueweapons.com

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: The Mutapa State (Kingdom): Military of the Mutapa Organisation of the Mutapa State

  • The Mutapa did not have a standing army
  • The army was mobilized from peasants when there was an emergency
  • The war council in the Mutapa state was known as […]
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Population and Land

By |2025-02-12T09:27:06+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Ploughing sandy soils. Image credit zimbabweelection.com

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes:Population and resources:Population and Land

  • Land is the most important natural resource base in a country.
  • This is especially true for a country like Zimbabwe whose economy is agro-based
  • Rapid population growth increases human demand on the land causing heavy damage to […]
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People who occupied Western Zimbabwe when the Ndebele arrived

By |2025-02-12T09:41:58+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Shona women. Image credit emaze.com

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: The Ndebele State: People who occupied Western Zimbabwe when the Ndebele arrived

  • These are the tribes who occupied Zimbabwe when the Ndebele arrived:
    1. Virwa
    2. Kalanga
    3. Nyubi
    4. Tonga
    5. Venda

To access more topics go to the History Notes page.

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European Powers that scrambled for Africa

By |2025-02-12T08:59:48+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

A map showing the results of the Scramble for Africa. Image credit MediaWiki

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes: The Scramble and Partition of Southern Africa: European Powers that scrambled for Africa

  • These are the countries which participated in the scramble and colonization of Africa:
  • Portugal
  • Britain
  • Italy
  • Germany

    • […]

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Economic Factors that led to the Scramble and Partition of Africa

By |2025-02-12T09:19:40+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

A map of colonial Africa

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes:Scramble and Partition of Africa:Economic Factors that led to the Scramble and Partition for Africa

  • New industrialists needed raw materials for their industries which were readily available in Africa
  • The raw materials included rubber, timber, gold, cotton among others
  • The discovery of […]
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The major estates of Zimbabwe: Hippo Valley case study

By |2025-02-12T09:40:53+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

Hippo Valley Estate. Image credit wordpress.com

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes:Agriculture:Farming types in Africa:The major estates of Zimbabwe: Hippo Valley case study

  • Hippo Valley estate is located in the S.E Lowveld of Zimbabwe.
  • Size-Large land of size 111 4555 ha leased to a company by government.
  • Ownership-Ownership is by Anglo-American Corporation […]
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British Officials Involved in the Occupation of Zimbabwe

By |2025-02-12T09:33:16+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level History Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Cecil John Rhodes

ZIMSEC O Level History Notes:British Officials Involved in the Occupation of Zimbabwe

  • Cecil John Rhodes
  • Colonel Pennefather
  • Charles Rudd
  • Rockford Maguire
  • Francis Thomson
  • Frank Johnson
  • C Selous
  • Allan Wilson
  • John Smith Moffat

To access more topics go to the History Notes page.

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Raw Materials and Location of industries

By |2025-02-12T09:05:53+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Geography, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes:Types of Industrial Location: Raw Materials and Location of industries 

  • From this calculation, a number of situations may arise:
  • \text{Raw Materials Index (RMI)} =\dfrac{\text{weight of raw materials}}{\text{weight of finished product}}
  • The formula used is
  • Industrialists calculate what is called the raw material index (RM index) to determine how raw materials will affect the location […]
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