February 2025

The germination process

By |2025-02-12T09:32:30+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Seed germination. Image credit k8schoollessons.com Seed germination. Image credit k8schoollessons.com ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Reproduction in plants: Reproduction in Plants:The germination process  

  • Germination- is the beginning of growth in a plant.
  • is the process by which a plant grows from a seed
  • When the seeds that are released by plants fall […]
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Experiment: Calculating the water and organic content of soil

By |2025-02-12T08:58:08+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Soil has got organic content. Image credit manicapost.com Soil has got organic content. Image credit manicapost.com ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Experiment: Calculating the water and organic content of soil

Materials: soil sample, burner, balance, evapourating dish basin, tongs, water bath

Method

  1. This burns off the organic content of the soil
  2. Roast the […]
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Latent heat

By |2025-02-12T09:10:45+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Boiling water. Image credit chemestryland.com Boiling water. Image credit chemistryland.com ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Latent Heat

  • when heat is applied to a material the temperature of that material increases
  • if the heat is removed and the material is allowed to cool then there is a decrease in that material’s temperature
  • however […]
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Experiment: Reducing Copper oxide with carbon

By |2025-02-12T09:46:06+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Experiment: Reducing Copper oxide with carbon

Aim: To reduce copper oxide with carbon

Materials: black copper oxide, tongs, crucible lid, powdered carbon, burner

Carbon can be used to reduce copper oxide Carbon can be used to reduce copper oxide

Method

  1. Mix the copper oxide and powdered carbon together in the crucible […]
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Experiment: Determining how concentration affects rates of reaction

By |2025-02-12T09:14:48+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

The rate of reaction increases with an increase in concentration The rate of reaction increases with an increase in concentration ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Experiment: Determining how concentration affects rates of reaction

Aim: To find the effects of concentration on the rate of reaction using hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate

Materials: 250cm3 beaker, […]

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Experiment: Separating copper from its oxides

By |2025-02-12T09:30:43+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Experiment: Separating copper from its oxides

Aim: To separate copper from its oxide ores

Materials: copper oxide, iron nail, dilute sulphuric acid, filter funnel, 2 beakers, stirring rod, filter paper, burner

Extracting copper from copper oxide Extracting copper from copper oxide

Method

  1. Place a small amount of copper oxide in a […]
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The Manufacture of sulphuric acid

By |2025-02-12T08:56:03+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: The production of sulphuric acid

  • Sulphuric acid is produced using the Contact process
  • In Zimbabwe there is a sulphuric acid production plant at Zimphos in Harare
  • Sulpher or iron pyrites (iron sulphide) is roasted to form sulphur dioxide
  • The word equation for roasting iron pyrites is:
  • \text{iron sulphide+oxygen}\rightarrow\text{iron oxide+sulpher dioxide}
  • The word […]
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Experiment:investigating fuel efficiency

By |2025-02-12T09:11:59+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

Testing fuel to determine its energy content Testing fuel to determine its energy content ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes: Experiment:investigating fuel efficiency

Aim: To determine the amount of heat liberated when different liquid fuels burn

Materials:  2 spirit burners, wooden block, clamp and stand, meths, paraffin, thermometer, draught shields, clamp, beaker, water, tripod […]

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Experiment: Finding the resistance of a resistor using a voltmeter

By |2025-02-12T09:26:37+02:00February 12th, 2025|Notes, O Level Science Notes, Ordinary Level Notes|

ZIMSEC O Level Combined Science Notes:  Experiment: Finding the resistance of a resistor using a voltmeter

Aim:  To find the resistance of a resistor in a circuit using voltmeter

Materials: cells, ammeter, resistor,switch, leads with crocodile clips

Finding Resistance

Method

  1. Set up the circuit as shown above
  2. Close the switch
  3. Read and record values of the […]
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